Who is a welder? A welder is someone who welds for a living; welding is a craft in which pieces of material are joined together. Classically, welding has been accomplished in metals, but modern welders also work with plastics. The term “welder” is also used to describe equipment used in the process of welding; some people use the term “welder” to talk about someone who welds so that the distinction is clear. Welding is an ancient profession. People have been working with metals for thousands of years, and metalworking is such an important part of human life that archaeologists even use the working of various metals to describe eras in human history like the Bronze and Iron Ages. Classically, welding has been accomplished with the use of heat to melt the metals before joining them together; modern welding includes an assortment of other techniques for joining material, including electricity in arc welding and ultrasound, which is used to join many plastics. Many welders work in heavy industry, since welding is a crucial stage in the construction of things like cars, trains, and ships, along with industrial equipment. Welders can also work in lighter industry, or as freelance contractors who fix various metal objects. The construction industry also employs a lot of welders, as many buildings use heavy duty metal framework to support themselves, and this framework must be assembled and secured by welders. There are two basic ways to train to be a welder. Some welders attend trade schools which offer anywhere from weeks to years of training to students, depending on how specialized they want to get. Others apprentice, getting on the job training from experienced welders. One of the advantages of trade school is that welders can learn about cutting edge techniques which may not have been perfected in the field yet, although welders who apprentice are paid as they learn, which can be an important consideration for some aspiring welders. In order to become a welder, someone needs to be reasonably strong, especially in heavy industry, because he or she will have to work with heavy materials. It also helps to be extremely observant and dexterous, as welders sometimes need to think fast and they work with very hot, dangerous materials. Having a passion for and an interest in metals is not a requirement, but it is certainly useful, and knowing your field of interest before you train can be useful. For example, a welder might be interested in working in a shipyard or in a company which works with plastics, and these two types of welding require very different skills.

MY FAVOURITE TOOL

READ THE FOLLOWING TEST AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 

My Favourite Tool

I don’t like to take books apart. I love sewing, endbands and threads, and so whenever I feel it’s possible I attempt to fix the sewing of a book. When it appears to be loose, and it’s necessary to disbind, I take the unconventional approach of aiming to do so without cutting the thread. However, when I have to accept that the thread must be cut, I can’t help but ask myself, ‘Why? It’s not the thread’s fault.’

When I discovered this cute stitch ripper, I quickly fell in love with it. Its sharp blade is absolutely safe, set on the inside of a curve and protected by a sphere.

Looking like a little clown’s red nose, my stitch ripper makes the cut far less painful.

Claudia Benvestito has been a book conservator at the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice since 1999. She graduated from the European Course for the Preservation and Conservation of Library Materials in Spoleto (PG) Italy, then trained as an intern at the Conservation Department of the Library of Congress in Washington. She is very interested in bookbinding history, and at the moment is involved in research on the persistent use of wood in Italian bookbinding until 1800. She loves mechanical connections and is driven by the need to construct and design conservation boxes.

1. According to the reading what is the meaning in spanish of " take books apart"?

2. what is Claudia's favourite tool?

3A. What does Claudia love to do?

3B . According to the reading what is the meaning in spanish of "I can't help "?

4. Claudia compares the her favourite tool with a__________________

5. What does Claudia Benvestito do?

6. Where does she work?

7. Where did she study?

8. What is she doing now? 

9. According to the reading what is the meaning in spanish of "driven by"?

10. What about you? What is your favourite tool? why?

Based on the lathe safety information write true or false to the following statements.

1. Using a lathe can be highly dangerous if the operator is careful. ___________
2. It is necessary to take off the jelwery while working on a lathe.  ___________
3. We must wear safety gloves all the time. __________
4. A pony tail is a good option while using the lathe. _________
5. Lathes are generally light. _________
6. The emergency stop button is to start the machine. _________
7. Use a piece of clothe to clean up the machine. _________
8. Do not rest on the lathe. _________
9. Put the pliers on the lathe to use them as soon as you need them. _______
10. Wash the machine to keep it wet. ________
11. Turn off the machine to measure a piece. _______
12. Put the fingers near the wood piece while using chicels. ______
13. Use both hands if you are using the sand paper. _______

Lathe Safety

Using a lathe can be highly dangerous if the operator is not careful. High powered and fast spinning parts can crush, burn, or cut people. Before ever working with a lathe, people have to take the necessary safety precautions to avoid injury. Here are some ways in which lathe operators can remain safe.

• Remove any loose items such as rings, baggy sleeves, and watches.
• Never adjust anything on the machine without stopping it and waiting until the parts stop moving.
• Wear gloves while handling sharp drills and chisels.
• Wear protective safety glasses.
• Keep hair tightly secured back.
• Never directly touch moving parts.
• Do not move the machine without help, regardless of its weight.
• Do not operate without knowing where the emergency stop button is.
• Be careful with heavy pieces of wood and don’t drop them on the machine or on the feet.
• Always uses pliers or a brush to clean and remove shards of wood and metal.
• Do not lean onto the lathe.
• Never place or leave tools on the lathe. This creates a risk of the tools being left on the machine when it gets turned on.
• Keep the machine well lubricated and maintained.
• Do not measure a piece of work while it is spinning. Stop the machine first.
• When manually using chisels, do not get fingers too close to the wood.
• If sanding rotating wood, use two hands to hold the sandpaper at each end.

WELDING VOCABULARY

The following are common terms in welding.

1. Abrasive 
2. Acetylene Gas 
3. Alloy 
4. Alternating Current 
5. Arc Welding 
6. Argon 
7. Brazing
8. Butt Joint (Butt Weld) 
9. Buzz Box
10. Consumable & non-consumable electrodes 
11. Cutting Tip 
12. Cutting Torch 
13. Cylinder .
14. Defective Weld 
15. Direct Current (DC) - Or "continuous current,".
16. Down Hand Weld 
17. Edge Weld 
18. *Electrode (Arc Welding) 
19. Electrode Holder.
20. Face Shield (Helmet) 
21. Ferrous 
22. Fillet Weld 
23. Filler metal 
24. Fixture.
25. Flat Weld
26. Flux 
27. Forge 
28. Fuel Gases 
29. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
30. gas (TIG) welding;.
31. Hand Shield 
32. Iron 
33. Inert gas/Shielding gas 
34. Lap Joint 
35. *MIG Welding (Metal Inert Gas) 
36. Mild Steel 
37. Out-Of-Position Weld 
38. Overhead Weld 
39. Oxyfuel
40. Plasma 
41. Plasma Cutting 
42. Polarity 
43. Radiation 
44. Shielding Gas
45. Slag Inclusion 
46. Soldering 
47. Spot Weld 
48. Tack Weld 
49. TIG Welding.
50. Tungsten 
51. Up Hand Weld
52. Ventilate 
53. Weave Bead
54. Weld 
55. Welder (noun) 
56. Welding Power Supply 
57. Welding Rod.
58. Voltage (V) -

THE CENTRE LATHE

The Centre Lathe is used to manufacture cylindrical shapes from a range  of materials including; steels and plastics. Many of the components that  go together to make an engine work have been manufactured using lathes.  These may be lathes operated directly by people (manual lathes) or  computer controlled lathes (CNC machines) that have been programmed  to carry out a particular task. A basic manual centre lathe is shown below.  This type of lathe is controlled by a person turning the various handles  on the top slide and cross slide in order to make a product / part. The headstock of a centre lathe can be opened, revealing an arrangement of  gears. These gears are sometimes replaced to alter the speed of rotation of  the chuck. The lathe must be switched off before opening,  although the motor should automatically cut off if the door is opened while  the machine is running (a safety feature). The speed of rotation of the chuck is usually set by using the gear levers.  These are usually on top of the headstock or along the front and allow for a  wide range of speeds. However, sometimes the only way to set the lathe to a particular speed is  to change the gear arrangement inside the headstock.  Most machines will have a number of alterative gear wheels for this purpose. GEAR LEVELS,  HEADSTOCK,  CHUCK COOLANT SUPPLY,  TOOL POST,  TOP SLIDE,  LEADSCREW, TAIL STOCK,   MOTOR LEVER, SADDLE,  CROSS SLIDE, FEED SHAFT,  SADDLE HANDLE,  LATHE BED,   EMERGENCY STOP.